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| Hamdala Hotel |
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| A.B.U Zaria |
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| Zaria |
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| Gamji Gate |
Kaduna, usually referred to as Kaduna State to distinguish it from the city of Kaduna, is a state in Northwest Nigeria. Its capital is Kaduna.
History
The
word 'Kaduna' is said to be a Gbagyi word/name for a river. Another version of
the etymology of the name is a narrative linked to the Hausa word for crocodile
- but this is contested by the Gbagyi ethnic group known to have lived in the
area for centuries. It is therefore indicative that the name, Kaduna, was
taken-up by Lord Frederick Lugard and his colonial colleagues when they moved
the capital of the then Northern Region from Zungeru to Kaduna in 1916. This
move of the colonial office to Kaduna started 1912-1918/20 with the initial
effort having been made in 1902 from Jebba to Zungeru.
At
the start of British colonial rule in northern Nigeria the people groups who
live in the area became 'Northern Nigerians'- a construct which continues even
till date. By 1967 these people groups again were carved into 'North Central
State' and this was the case until 1975 that 'Kaduna State' was formerly
created by the then military leader, Gen. Murtala Mohammed, with all distinct
identities amalgamated into one state without a referendum. The state hence is
the successor of the old Northern Region of Nigeria, which had its
capital at Kaduna which is now the state capital to about 6.3 million people
(Nigerian census figure, 2006).
It
was from the old Northern Region that in the year 1967 gave birth to six states
in the north, leaving Kaduna as the capital of North-Central State, whose name
was changed to Kaduna State in 1976. Meanwhile, Kaduna was further divided in
1987, creating Katsina State. Under the governance of Kaduna is the ancient
city of Zaria, Kafanchan and Nok, the area one of Africa's earliest civilization
is recorded to have been excavated. The most intriguing aspect of this area is
that the colonial construction and its post-colonial successor call 'Nigeria'
hardly documented the history or the method of how Kaduna state's people groups
encompassed in these constructs define and identify themselves as such the
people groups who populate the area have lived in near oblivion or obscurity as
they often are thought of as Hausa people.
Demographics
Kaduna State, north central Nigeria, is politically classified as belonging to the now 'North - West' zone of the current six (6) Geo - political zones of Nigeria. It is populated by about 59 to 63 different ethnic groups if not more with the exactitude of the number requiring further verification through a genuine field work [Hayab, 2014]. The question therefore is what ethnic groups make up who are 'Kaduna State indigenes' today? This question has largely been answered as indicated in the last paragraph with the Hausa and Fulani as the dominant ethnic groups followed by at least 60 others. These groups include:- Adara (dubbed Kadara),
- Akurmi (labelled Kurama by the Hausa),
- Anghan (dubbed Kamanton by the Hausa),
- Amo,
- Aruruma (named Ruruma by the Hausa),
- Atachaat (dubbed Kachechere),
- Atyab (dubbed Kataf by the Hausa),
- Atuku,
- Ayu,
- Bajju,
- Bakulu (Ikulu by the Hausa),
- Bhazar (named Koro),
- Bur (Sanga),
- Binawa,
- Dingi,
- Fantswam,
- Fulfulde (Arrived around 1800s),
- Gbagyi,
- Gure,
- Gwandara,
- Gwong (Kagoma in Hausa),
- Ham (dubbed Jaba in Hausa which is a derogatory name),
- Hausa,
- Jangi,
- Kaibi,
- Kahugu,
- Kanufi,
- Kigono,
- Kinugu,
- Kitimi,
- Kiwafa,
- Kiwollo,
- Kono,
- Kuvori (call Surubu),
- Kuturmi,
- Lemoro * not sure,
- Mada (Mardan) Mada must have migrated during colonial rule,
- Nandu,
- Nduyah,
- Numana,
- Nindem,
- Ningeshe,
- Ninkyop,
- Ninzo,
- Nyenkpa (Yeskwa),
- Oegworok,
- Pikal,
- Pitti,
- Ribang,
- Rishuwa,
- Rumada,
- Ruruma,
- Rumayya,
- Shemawa* Hausa name?,
- Sholio (Dubbed Marwa),
- Siyawa (Bauchi state?),
- Takad,
- Tarri, and
- Tsam (Chawai)
Available records show that Christian mission activities in the area began formally from the 1900s with the establishment of Sudan Interior Mission (S.I.M.) in the Ham town of Har Kwain (Kwoi) hence today these people groups are predominantly Christians. Culturally, the people groups of the then southern Zaria who now see themselves as southern Kaduna, with some exception it must be acknowledged, share a lot in the cultural practices of marriage rites, naming, burial, farming, social organisations, kinship, etc. Until a full scale research is undertaken, the diversity of Kaduna state remains blurred as some ethnic groups are so small in population so much so that they are often overshadowed by the larger groups who live near them.
Higher
Institution / Education In Kaduna State.
Kaduna is one of the education
centers in Nigeria, with many colleges and the most recognized university in
Nigeria
- Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria
- Kaduna
- Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
- State University
- Federal Polytechnic, Kadu
- Nigerian Defence Academy
- na
- Nigerian College of Aviation Technology, Zaria
- College of Education Gidan Waya-Kafanchan
- Shehu Idris College of Health Health Sciences And Technology-Makarfi
- College of Nursing-Kafanchan
- Institute of Leather Research-Zaria
- Federal College of Education-Zaria
- National Open University of Nigeria
- National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna
- Nigerian Institute of transport technology, Zaria
- National Teachers Institute, Kaduna
- School of Midwifery Kaduna
- Federal Cooperative Study Kaduna
Local Government Areas
Kaduna State consists of twenty-three (23) Local Government Areas. They are:
PEOPLE, POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT
Ethnic
Composition, Culture And The Arts:
Kaduna State forms a portion of the country's cultural meltina Dot. Apart from
six maior ethnic groups found in the State, there are over twenty other ethnic
minority groups, each with its language and arts or religion different from the
other.
Works
of art and pottery (e.g. the "Nok Terracotta") found in the southern
parts suggest that it is a major cultural centre. Among the major ethnic groups
are Kamuku, Gwari, Kadara in the west, Hausa and Kurama to the north and
Northeast. "Nerzit" is now used to describe the Jaba, Kaje, Koro,
Kamanton, Kataf, Morwa and Chawai instead of the derogato ry term
"southern Zaria people". Also, the term "Hausawa" is used
to describe the people of Igabi, ikara, Giwa and Makarti LGAs, which include a
large proportion of rural dwellers who are strictly "Maguzawas."
In the north, the Hausa and some
immigrants from the southern states practice Islam and majori ty of the people
in the southern LGAs profess Christianity. The major Muslim festivals are the
"Salah" celebrations of "ldEIfitri" and
"ldEIKabir", while Christmas, New Year and Easter are observed by the
Christians.
Two traditional festivals of
significance are the "TukHam" and "Afan" in Jaba and Jama'a
LGAs respectively. Prominent among the traditional arts, are leather works,
pottery and indigopit dyeing with Zaria as the major centre.
Population Structure and
Distribution: The 1991 census provisional result
puts the population of Kaduna State at 5,001,258 (Table 18.1). Although
majority live and depend on the rural areas, about a third of the State's
population are located in the two major urban centres of Kaduna and Zaria.
However, except in the northwestern
quadrant, the rural population concentration is moderate, reaching a high of
over 500 persons per sq. km. in Kaduna/Zaria and the neighbouring villages; 350
in Jaba, Igabi and Giwa and 200 in Ikara LGAs. Despite the provisional nature
of the census results, observations of movements of young able bodied male
labourers in large numbers, from rural villages to towns during the dry season
and back to rural agriculture fields during the wet season, suggest a sizeable
seasonal labour force migration in the state.
However, the seasonal labour
migration has no effect on agricultural labour demands in the rural traditional
setting. Indeed, some of these sea sonal migrants come to town to learn
specific trade or acquire special training and eventually go back to establish
in the rural areas as skilled workers (e.g. masons, technicians, tractor
drivers, carpenters, motor mechanics, etc). Another major feature of the
State's population structure is the near 1:1 male/female ratio, not just for the
state as a whole, but even among all the LGAs.
The effects of this may be helpful
to the future social and economic development of the rural sector especially in
the agroallied rural industries. The large number of secondary school leavers,
polytechnic and university araduates provides a growing skilled labour force
for the growing industries in the State.
Urban
and Rural Development and Patterns of Human Settlement: The pattern of human settlement throughout the State is tied
to the historical, political and socioeconomic forces the area has been
subjected to, from the precolonial to post colonial period. Prior to the advent
of the British occupation, the basic unit of human settlement was the extended
family compound.
As
compounds grew, the needs for security and defence led to a higher hierarchy of
settlements called "Garuruka" (towns). These towns were protected by
walls with a titled/administrative head appointed by higher political
authority, the "Sarki". This pattern of settle ment dominated the
Hausawa cultural groups to the north (i.e. Giwa, Igabi, Zaria, Sabon Gari,
Kudan, Makarfi and parts of lkara LGAs).
Higher
settlement hierarchy than the rural extended family compounds in other parts of
the state was delayed, until the development of social amenities and
infrastructure such as motor and rail road, Christian Missionary establishments
and recently, produce buyers, markets and administrative reorganisations gave
impetus (settlements such as Birnin Gwari, Kuda'a, Kachia, Zango Kataf,
KwoiSambam Kagoma and Saminaka are good examples).
It
is the impact of these historical and cultural developments on settlement
pattern and probably because of the nature of the rural econo my (agrarian)
that created the dominance of the two urban centres (i.e. Zaria and Kaduna) in
the state. Table18.1 shows administrative areas and population distribution in
the state.
Problem
Of Urban Primacy: The growth of Zaria urban
settlement, though influenced by historic circumstance and the
political
authority it wielded prior to the 19th century, is also the result of
deliberate establishment of educational institutions. First, as a centre for
Arabic/Quranic studies, with its fame reaching Sokoto and Borno Kingdoms in the
northwest and northeast respectively.
Second,
the establishment of the Agricultural Vocational School in Samaru (1923) and a
Research Station for animal husbandry at Shika (now National Animal Production
Research Institute NAPRI) in 1928; followed by Government sec ondary and higher
institutions of learning such as Zaria Government College (now Barewa College)
which started in 1922 in Katsina. The establishment of the Nigerian College of
Arts, Science and Techology gave additional thrust not only by expanding the
built up area but increasing the population.
Between
1962 and 1992, Zaria, as an urban centre, has been transformed from an
educational centre to a rapidly growing manufacturing industrial city sprawling
for more than 25km. stretch along KadunaSokoto motor road. Similarly, founded
in 1917 as an administrative headquarters, Kaduna held a leadership position in
the former Northern Region well into the late 1970s.
Changes in the political structure
of the country in 1967, 1975 and 1991 successively eroded her pow erful
leadership position as the newly created states were given autonomy. Even the
Interim Common Services Agency (ICSA), a body established to oversee the common
economic interests of the for mer Northern Region and located in Kaduna, could
not protect the gradual loss of her past leadership in the northern state.
Although
Kaduna, as an urban centre,has ceased to be the political leader, it has
gradually evolved and is growing to be a powerful commercial, industrial and
financial nerve centre. Indeed, the location of the popular International Trade
Fair in Kaduna and the increasing presence of the Federal Government through
the location of several parastatals, have further strengthened the city's new
evolving leadership position. The two urban centres alone command up to a third
of the state's total population (i.e. about 1,512,000).
Most
of the remaining settlements are small and located in the vast, rich
agricultural lands. As a result of the dominance of the two urban cen tres,
there is a continual drift of young men and women into them. Thus, a lot of
social facilities such as housing, schools, health institutions, portable water
and electricity are inadequate and under serious pressure.
Consequently,
the unskilled men and women (1630 years) roam the city streets in large numbers
jobless or, at best, underemployed. Getting this potential rural labour force
back to the countryside may have to await comprehensive rural development. Two
other groups of ruralurban migrants are conspicuous; these involve children
(under 20 years) coming in large numbers from as far as Illela and Jibiya,
border towns in Sokoto and Katsina States respectively; and several scores of
men, between 25 and 40 years) mainly from Kano/Jigawa States.
The
children come from the end of September to early July as pupils in Quranic schools
or dry season migrant workers ("yan cin rani" in Hausa) and reside
mostly in Zaria. Older in migrants, also come into the cities as
"Fadama" farmers and market gardening workers ("yan lambu"
in Hausa). Read more:
| Country: | Nigeria |
27 May 1967
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Government
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Area
|
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• Total
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46,053 km2
(17,781 sq mi)
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Area
rank
|
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Population (2006 census)1
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• Total
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6,066,562
|
• Rank
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• Density
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130/km2
(340/sq mi)
|
• Year
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2007
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• Total
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$10.33 billion[1]
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• Per
capita
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$1,666[1]
|
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